The value chain, a concept introduced by Michael Porter in 1985, describes all the activities a company performs to develop a product or service—from its conception to its delivery to the final consumer, and even beyond. These activities are divided into two main categories:
These are directly related to the physical creation of the product, its sale, distribution, and post-sale support:
These are not directly involved in production but are essential to enable primary activities to run efficiently:
The relationship between the value chain and the carbon footprint is intrinsic. Every link in the chain—from raw material extraction to transportation, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life disposal—generates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
To fully understand a company’s environmental impact, it is essential to assess the carbon footprint throughout the entire value chain. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, a widely recognized international standard for emissions accounting, classifies emissions into three scopes:
Identifying and quantifying emissions at each stage of the value chain offers multiple advantages for companies:
Analyzing the carbon footprint along the value chain is not just an environmental responsibility—it’s a strategic business decision for long-term resilience and growth.
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