COP (Conference of the Parties)

The COP (Conference of the Parties) is the supreme decision-making body established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These annual meetings bring together representatives from nearly every country, along with international organizations, civil society and the private sector, to negotiate and agree on collective actions to tackle climate change.

History and Context

The UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and entered into force in 1994. Since then, the COP has convened almost every year to:

• Review progress on commitments under the Convention.
• Negotiate new measures for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.
• Discuss financial, technological and capacity-building strategies.

Key Milestones in COP History

• COP1 (Berlin, 1995): First official session after the UNFCCC entered into force.
• COP3 (Kyoto, 1997): Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, setting binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
• COP15 (Copenhagen, 2009): Although it failed to reach a binding deal, it recognized the need to limit global warming below 2°C.
• COP21 (Paris, 2015): Landmark Paris Agreement, committing nearly all countries to keep global temperature rise well below 2°C, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
• COP26 (Glasgow, 2021): Agreements to phase down coal use and review Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) more frequently.
• COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022): Historic decision to create a loss and damage fund to support vulnerable countries hit by climate impacts.
• COP28 (Dubai, 2023): Conclusion of the first Global Stocktake and a landmark call to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems, plus pledges to triple renewable capacity and double energy efficiency by 2030.
• COP29 (Baku, 2024): Agreement on a new collective climate-finance goal, with developed countries to mobilize at least USD 300 billion per year by 2035 for developing nations.
• COP30 (Belém, 2025): Held in the Brazilian Amazon, it delivered a finance package aimed at mobilizing USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035 and tripling adaptation finance, though without an explicit roadmap to phase out fossil fuels.

Structure of COP Negotiations

Negotiations are complex and structured into several components:

• Plenary sessions: All delegates meet to discuss progress and decisions.
• Working groups: Technical negotiations on specific sections of draft agreements.
• Side events: Showcases of projects, research and initiatives by organizations and governments.

The COP also works through two subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC:

• SBSTA: Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice.
• SBI: Subsidiary Body for Implementation.

Key Issues Discussed

• Mitigation: Reducing GHG emissions through renewable energy, efficiency and land-use changes.
• Adaptation: Strengthening resilience to climate impacts and extreme weather events.
• Climate finance: Mobilizing funding from developed countries to support developing nations.
• Technology transfer: Promoting innovation and clean-technology deployment.
• Loss and damage: Operating mechanisms to support vulnerable communities affected by climate impacts.

Role of Civil Society and Non-State Actors

• Civil society: NGOs, social movements and Indigenous groups influence public opinion and bring local perspectives.
• Private sector: Plays a critical role in innovation, investment and the implementation of climate solutions.
• Youth movements: Increasingly active in demanding urgent and ambitious climate action from governments.

Achievements and Challenges

Achievements:

• The Paris Agreement was a turning point in global climate diplomacy, engaging almost all countries in a shared framework.
• COPs have advanced carbon markets, climate-finance mechanisms and global transparency frameworks, and established the loss and damage fund.

Challenges:

• Negotiations often stall due to economic interests, North-South divides and political inertia.
• There remains a gap between current pledges and the emissions reductions needed to limit warming to 1.5°C.

Future Outlook

Upcoming COPs are expected to focus on:

• Accelerating decarbonization: Investing in renewable energy and transport electrification.
• Strengthening adaptation: Embedding resilience into national policies and infrastructure.
• Transparency and accountability: Tracking and verifying emission reduction commitments through the Paris Agreement's enhanced transparency framework.
• Climate justice: Supporting vulnerable nations and communities through fair finance and compensation mechanisms.

The COP remains the central platform of international climate governance. Each conference offers a renewed opportunity for governments, businesses and civil society to collaborate on solutions, raise ambition and drive progress toward a sustainable, low-carbon future. At Manglai we help companies measure their carbon footprint and prepare their sustainability reporting. Discover how Manglai can help you.